Risk Analysis is the correct term to describe the mentioned steps

Qualitative Analysis involves assessing and interpreting non-numeric aspects of security, such as understanding the nature of threats, evaluating the effectiveness of security policies, and analyzing the overall risk landscape without relying on quantitative data. This approach provides insights into the qualitative aspects of security posture and risk management, focusing on factors that may not be easily measured but are critical to understanding risks and vulnerabilities.

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. Risk Analysis: This is a broader term that can encompass both qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate risks, including numeric assessments.
2. Data Analysis: This generally refers to examining and interpreting numeric or structured data, which does not align with the non-numeric focus of qualitative analysis.
3. Threat Analysis: This specifically focuses on identifying and evaluating potential threats but does not necessarily encompass the broader qualitative assessment of the security posture.

The correct answer is Separation of duties.

The principle of Separation of duties requires that critical functions be divided among different individuals to reduce the risk of fraud or error. In this case, allowing Adam to hold both the “author” and “approver” roles means he can approve his own content, which can lead to potential conflicts of interest and undermines the integrity of the approval process.

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. Least privilege: This principle involves granting users the minimum level of access necessary to perform their job functions. While Adam’s dual roles could be seen as an issue related to least privilege, the core violation is more about the conflict created by not separating the duties.
2. Privilege escalation: This refers to a situation where a user gains elevated access rights beyond what they are authorized to have. Adam’s case does not necessarily indicate privilege escalation but rather an overlap in responsibilities.
3. Economy of mechanisms: This principle emphasizes simplicity in design and implementation to enhance security. While relevant to security practices, it does not directly apply to the situation described.

An Incident Response Plan is a documented, organized approach outlining the steps and procedures to be followed when a cybersecurity incident occurs. It provides a structured framework for identifying, managing, and mitigating security breaches or disruptions, with the goal of minimizing damage and recovery time.

Preventing reverse engineering is not the goal of integrity controls as it is related to protecting the intellectual property

The correct answer is Data/Information Owner.

The Data/Information Owner is ultimately responsible for data protection within an organization. This role typically involves determining how data should be managed, who has access to it, and what security measures should be implemented to protect it. They are accountable for the overall integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the data they own.

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. Data custodian: This role is responsible for the technical implementation and maintenance of data protection measures but does not have the overarching accountability for data protection.
2. Database Administrator: This role focuses on the technical management of databases, including performance tuning, security, and access control, but again, does not bear ultimate responsibility for data protection.
3. Data Analyst: This role typically involves analyzing data for insights and decision-making but does not encompass responsibilities for data protection.

Sandboxing is a security technique that isolates and confines applications or processes within a controlled environment, known as a “sandbox.” It helps prevent potential threats and malware by restricting the application’s access to the rest of the system and monitoring its behavior in a safe and isolated space. Eg:- To test malicious software one tests in a sandboxed environment.

The correct answer is Service Level Agreements (SLA).

Service Level Agreements (SLA) best describe the need for contractual protection when software is acquired from a third party. An SLA outlines the expected level of service, including software requirements, performance metrics, responsibilities of both parties, and penalties for non-compliance. It helps ensure that both the provider and the client have a clear understanding of their obligations regarding the software.

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDA): These are used to protect sensitive information shared between parties but do not specifically address software requirements or service expectations.
2. Non-compete Agreements: These agreements prevent one party from competing with another for a specified period of time and do not relate to software requirements or service levels.
3. Memorandum of understanding (MoU): While this can outline an agreement between parties, it is generally less formal and binding than an SLA and may not detail specific software requirements or service expectations.

Malware, short for malicious software, is a type of software designed with malicious intent to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems or data. It includes various forms such as viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware, and is often spread through infected websites, email attachments, or other deceptive means.

Mobile Device Management (MDM) policies outline rules and security measures for the use of mobile devices within the organization, including smartphones and tablets.

Standards are mandatory, prescriptive rules specifying minimum requirements (e.g., ISO/IEC 27001), while guidelines are flexible recommendations and best practices (e.g., security awareness training guides). Standards are enforceable, and compliance is mandatory, while guidelines are advisory, providing suggestions without strict consequences for non-compliance.

Purchasing insurance coverage to transfer the financial risk of specific events, such as property damage, liability claims, or cyber incidents, to an insurance provider.

Accepting the risk associated with using outdated or legacy systems that may have known vulnerabilities, especially when upgrading is cost-prohibitive or poses operational challenges.

It is practically impossible to eliminate all risks in information security entirely. The goal of information security is not to achieve absolute certainty but to manage and mitigate risks to an acceptable level. Several factors contribute to the inherent challenge of completely eliminating all risks such as complexity of systems, human behavior, evolving latest threat landscapes, interconnected ecosystems etc.

Quantitative Analysis fits the definition mentioned in the question

The correct answer is “Transfer.”

Mandating the end user to accept a License Agreement (EULA) disclaimer before installing software is a form of risk transfer. By doing this, the responsibility for certain risks (such as misuse of the software or potential damage caused by it) is transferred to the user, as they acknowledge and accept the terms and conditions outlined in the agreement. This limits the liability of the software provider.

The correct answer is “PCI DSS.”

PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) is a multifaceted security standard that governs organizations that process, store, or transmit cardholder data. It sets comprehensive requirements for securing cardholder information and protecting payment card transactions.

1. FIPS 201 is a U.S. federal standard for secure identity credentials.
2. VISA is a payment card network, not a security standard.
3. OWASP Top 10 is a list of common web application security risks, but it does not specifically govern payment card data.

The correct answer is “Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDA).”

A Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) is a legal document that guarantees the privacy and confidentiality of sensitive information, including database schemas, processing logic, software, internal business processes, and client lists. It ensures that parties involved are legally bound not to disclose or misuse the protected information.

1. Software Design Document outlines the technical details of a software project but does not protect confidentiality.
2. Service Level Agreements (SLA) define service expectations but do not address confidentiality.
3. Trademarks Registration protects brand identity, not confidential information.