A user impersonation attack involves unauthorized access to and mimicry of a legitimate user’s identity, allowing the attacker to operate as if they were that user.

Modifying original client-side JavaScript is often associated with DOM-based attacks because attackers can manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM) by altering the script. This manipulation can lead to security vulnerabilities, enabling the execution of malicious code within the user’s browser and potentially compromising the integrity of web applications.

Code injection refers to the unauthorized insertion or manipulation of code within a program or system, often with the intention of exploiting vulnerabilities, compromising security, or altering the program’s behavior

No, a session hijacking attack typically does not involve storing a cookie on the server. In a session hijacking attack, an attacker gains unauthorized access to a user’s session, allowing them to impersonate the user and perform actions on their behalf. The attack usually focuses on stealing or manipulating session-related information, such as session cookies, tokens, or session IDs, which are stored on the client side.

The correct answer is Apply multi-factor authentication.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) adds an additional layer of security beyond just passwords by requiring users to provide two or more verification factors to gain access to a system. This approach significantly reduces the risk associated with password-related threats, as even if a password is compromised, unauthorized access can still be prevented by the second factor (such as a text message code, a biometric scan, or a hardware token).

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. Ask users to use password managers: While password managers can help users create and store strong, unique passwords, they do not address the fundamental problem of relying solely on passwords for authentication.
2. Remove password rotation: Eliminating mandatory password rotation can help reduce user frustration and the likelihood of weak passwords, but it does not fully resolve authentication threats.
3. Remove complex password restrictions: This may simplify the user experience, but it can lead to the creation of weaker passwords if users are not encouraged to adopt strong password practices.

Security misconfiguration refers to the improper setup or implementation of security controls, leaving vulnerabilities in a system or application. It often occurs when default settings, unnecessary features, or weak configurations are not properly addressed, leading to potential security risks and unauthorized access.

Timing attacks involve exploiting variations in the time taken to execute certain operations to gain insights into a system’s vulnerabilities or cryptographic keys. Attackers analyze the response times of specific actions to infer information and potentially exploit weaknesses in the targeted system.

Remote code execution (RCE) refers to the ability of an attacker to execute arbitrary code on a target system or device from a remote location, often exploiting vulnerabilities in software or systems. This can lead to unauthorized access, control, or manipulation of the targeted system, posing significant security risks.

A covert channel is a method used to transfer information in a way that is not intended for data communication, thereby bypassing security mechanisms and allowing data exfiltration. This typically involves using unconventional or hidden methods to transmit data, such as manipulating less obvious features of a system like timing, storage, or network traffic patterns. Covert channels exploit these non-standard pathways to secretly send sensitive information out of a secure environment.

The correct answer is Remove the affected functionality from application.

Removing the affected functionality from the application is often the most cost-effective and time-efficient way to manage risk associated with unmaintained libraries or components that do not receive security patches. By eliminating the vulnerable parts of the application, you reduce the attack surface and potential security risks without incurring the costs and complexities associated with developing new applications or writing custom libraries.

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. Deploy WAF and prevent such attacks: While a Web Application Firewall (WAF) can help mitigate some threats, it may not fully protect against vulnerabilities in unmaintained libraries. It’s more of a reactive solution rather than a proactive fix.
2. Develop new application with new libraries: This can be a significant investment in time and resources and may not be practical, especially if the existing application is still valuable and functional.
3. Write your own library: Creating your own library can also be time-consuming and requires expertise to ensure it’s secure and functional, which may not be feasible depending on the resources available.

Directory browsing or directory indexing is a web server feature that allows users to view the contents of a directory (folder) through a web browser. When enabled, it displays a list of files and subdirectories within that directory. If directory indexing is disabled, the server may show a default page or return an error when someone tries to access the directory directly. This feature can pose a security risk if sensitive information or files are inadvertently exposed to the public.

A social engineering attack is performed by manipulating individuals into divulging sensitive information or taking specific actions through psychological manipulation, deception, or impersonation. Attackers exploit human behavior rather than relying on technical vulnerabilities to gain access to confidential information or systems. Common techniques include phishing, pretexting, baiting, and impersonation.

The correct answer is Malicious Actions by Authorized User.

The primary goal of an insider threat typically involves malicious actions taken by an authorized user within an organization. This can include employees, contractors, or business partners who misuse their access to sensitive information or systems for personal gain, sabotage, or other harmful activities.

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. External Network Penetration: This describes an attack initiated by external actors, not an insider threat, which originates from within the organization.
2. Disrupting Operations: While disrupting operations can be a goal of an insider threat, it is often a means to an end related to malicious actions rather than the primary goal itself.
3. Exploiting Software Vulnerabilities: This is more characteristic of external threats or attackers rather than insider threats, which focus on exploiting access privileges.

The correct answer is Supply chain attack.

A supply chain attack occurs when a malicious actor targets a third-party library or component used by multiple software vendors, injecting malicious code into it. This type of attack exploits the trust relationships between organizations and their suppliers or software components, allowing the attacker to compromise multiple systems through a single vulnerable point in the supply chain.

Here’s a brief overview of the other options:

1. Watering hole attack: This technique involves compromising a website that is frequented by a specific group of users in order to infect their devices, but it does not specifically relate to third-party libraries.
2. Man-in-the-middle attack: This attack involves intercepting and possibly altering communication between two parties without their knowledge but is not directly related to injecting code into libraries.
3. Phishing attack: This involves tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information (like login credentials) through fraudulent emails or websites but does not involve code injection into libraries.

SEO poisoning involves manipulating search engine results to drive traffic to malicious websites. Attackers use deceptive tactics to manipulate search engine rankings and lure users to compromised sites that may distribute malware, phishing scams, or other malicious content.